CSC London Chess Classic Weekend Open (7th) : Standard Standard 🐢 4 Dec 2015

Rank ECF Sex. Fedn First Name Last Name Grade R1R2R3R4R5TotalECF Code
1.90 🗙 GRE🇬🇷 Georgios Mastrokoukos   1 43+43. Alan Hayward 178A 2 11+11. Toni Johansson 190A 1 15+15. Carsten Pedersen 199A 2 7+7. Michael W Healey 198A 1 8+8. Jan Lundin 5Tie-break: SPS:15 SOS:15.5 SNB:15.5303928G
2.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Dave J Ledger 206A 1 45+45. Vincent Sagues 171A 2 25+25. Matthew Peat 178C 1 7–7. Michael W Healey 198A 2 19+19. Richard J Cannon 176C 1 17+17. Robin W Haldane 190A4Tie-break: SPS:12 SOS:14 SNB:10.5114227G
3.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Adam C Taylor 214A bye=Half Point Bye 2 12+12. Akito Oyama 204A 1 33+33. Natasha K Regan 169B 2 5=5. George E O'Toole 205C 1 15+15. Carsten Pedersen 199A4Tie-break: SPS:11.5 SOS:13 SNB:11272685D
4.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Richard York-Weaving 226C 2 42=42. Giampiero Amato 170A 1 51+51. Alexander Freeland 171B 2 16+16. Nils Vonhoff 1 9=9. Paul E Roberts 203C 2 18+18. Tarun Malhotra 192D4Tie-break: SPS:11.5 SOS:13 SNB:10.25258821D
5.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 George E O'Toole 205C bye=Half Point Bye 1 50+50. Jonathan PJ White 2 34+34. Daniel GH Gallagher 178A 1 3=3. Adam C Taylor 214A 2 16+16. Nils Vonhoff 4Tie-break: SPS:11.5 SOS:11 SNB:9209137K
6.91 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Michael J Basman 210C bye=Half Point Bye 1 42=42. Giampiero Amato 170A 2 32+32. James E Moreby 178A 1 40+40. Vladimir Parols 176C 2 14+14. Daniel EM Malkiel 4Tie-break: SPS:10.5 SOS:9.5 SNB:8.5106360B
7.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Michael W Healey 198A 1 47+47. Haotian Wu 164A 2 39+39. Cosima C Keen 160C 2 2+2. Dave J Ledger 206A 1 1–1. Georgios Mastrokoukos 2 9=9. Paul E Roberts 203C3.5Tie-break: SPS:12.5 SOS:16.5 SNB:9.75163085E
8.90 🗙 Male 🅜 SWE🇸🇪 Jan Lundin   1 29+29. Colum Jezierski 185A 2 31+31. Hendrik Brackmann 181Bbye=Half Point Bye 1 14+14. Daniel EM Malkiel 2 1–1. Georgios Mastrokoukos 3.5Tie-break: SPS:12.5 SOS:13 SNB:8272681G
9.9 🅔 Male 🅜 SCO🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Paul E Roberts 203C 1 30+30. Alice Tissot 2 49=49. Chris Doran 179A 1 27+27. Girinath Haridas 184A 2 4=4. Richard York-Weaving 226C 1 7=7. Michael W Healey 198A3.5Tie-break: SPS:11.5 SOS:14 SNB:9.5136071B
10.90 🗙 NED🇳🇱 Lennart Ootes   2 44+44. Gautam R Jain 173A 1 16–16. Nils Vonhoff 2 20=20. Andrew SG Marley 150C 1 51+51. Alexander Freeland 171B 1 27+27. Girinath Haridas 184A3.5Tie-break: SPS:9.5 SOS:12 SNB:7.5303931G
11.90 🗙 Male 🅜 SWE🇸🇪 Toni Johansson 190A 1 53+53. Patrik Chajda 1 1–1. Georgios Mastrokoukos bye=Half Point Bye 2 50+50. Jonathan PJ White 2 29+29. Colum Jezierski 185A3.5Tie-break: SPS:9.5 SOS:10.5 SNB:5.5242431K
12.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Akito Oyama 204A bye=Half Point Bye 1 3–3. Adam C Taylor 214A 2 38+38. Matthew Parry 158C 1 32+32. James E Moreby 178A 2 30+30. Alice Tissot 3.5Tie-break: SPS:8.5 SOS:11.5 SNB:7.5273236B
13.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Anantha P (jnr) Anilkumar 175A bye=Half Point Bye 2 26–26. Mate Manfay 1 57+57. Gorak Rajesh 158B 2 33+33. Natasha K Regan 169B 1 25+25. Matthew Peat 178C3.5Tie-break: SPS:8.5 SOS:8.5 SNB:6275426F
14.90 🗙 USA🇺🇸 Daniel EM Malkiel   1 36+36. Simon Wilks 177A 2 40+40. Vladimir Parols 176C 1 17+17. Robin W Haldane 190A 2 8–8. Jan Lundin 1 6–6. Michael J Basman 210C3Tie-break: SPS:12 SOS:15 SNB:7.5303056J
15.5 🅖 Male 🅜 DEN🇩🇰 Carsten Pedersen 199A 1 24+24. Jaroslav Sysel 2 19+19. Richard J Cannon 176C 2 1–1. Georgios Mastrokoukos 1 39+39. Cosima C Keen 160C 2 3–3. Adam C Taylor 214A3Tie-break: SPS:11 SOS:17 SNB:8129432F
16.90 🗙 GER🇩🇪 Nils Vonhoff   1 46+46. Edward Mospan 105B 2 10+10. Lennart Ootes 1 4–4. Richard York-Weaving 226C 2 26+26. Mate Manfay 1 5–5. George E O'Toole 205C3Tie-break: SPS:11 SOS:16 SNB:8283546A
17.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Robin W Haldane 190A 2 58+58. Michael P Woolley 1 35+35. Martin Mueller 160E 2 14–14. Daniel EM Malkiel 1 28+28. Aleks Semakoff 2 2–2. Dave J Ledger 206A3Tie-break: SPS:11 SOS:13 SNB:6111878L
18.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Tarun Malhotra 192D bye=Half Point Bye 2 57+57. Gorak Rajesh 158B 1 26=26. Mate Manfay 2 41+41. Ramil Gonzaga 152D 1 4–4. Richard York-Weaving 226C3Tie-break: SPS:10 SOS:9.5 SNB:4.25268641H
19.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Richard J Cannon 176C 2 56+56. Nikhil Chidipothu 113A 1 15–15. Carsten Pedersen 199A 2 46+46. Edward Mospan 105B 1 2–2. Dave J Ledger 206A 2 39+39. Cosima C Keen 160C3Tie-break: SPS:9 SOS:12 SNB:5103730E
20.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Andrew SG Marley 150C bye=Half Point Bye 2 21=21. Evzen Pospisil 1 10=10. Lennart Ootes 1 49+49. Chris Doran 179A 2 26=26. Mate Manfay 3Tie-break: SPS:8.5 SOS:10.5 SNB:6269603E
21.90 🗙 CZE🇨🇿 Evzen Pospisil   2 52=52. Fabrizio De Paolis 1 20=20. Andrew SG Marley 150Cbye=Half Point Bye 2 29=29. Colum Jezierski 185A 1 45+45. Vincent Sagues 171A3Tie-break: SPS:8 SOS:9 SNB:5.5303930E
22.90 🗙 ITA🇮🇹 Renzo Ramondino   2 39–39. Cosima C Keen 160C 1 60+60. Adam Robinson 139C 2 30=30. Alice Tissot 1 43=43. Alan Hayward 178A 2 44+44. Gautam R Jain 173A3Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:9 SNB:4.75284728A
23.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Harry Grieve 184A bye=Half Point Bye 2 27–27. Girinath Haridas 184A 1 45=45. Vincent Sagues 171A 1 36+36. Simon Wilks 177A 2 43+43. Alan Hayward 178A3Tie-break: SPS:7 SOS:9 SNB:5.5272996K
24.90 🗙 CZE🇨🇿 Jaroslav Sysel   2 15–15. Carsten Pedersen 199A 1 56–56. Nikhil Chidipothu 113A 2 55+55. Anurag Singh Chauhan 134D 1 46+46. Edward Mospan 105B 2 40+40. Vladimir Parols 176C3Tie-break: SPS:6 SOS:9.5 SNB:3.5303934B
25.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Matthew Peat 178C 1 55+55. Anurag Singh Chauhan 134D 1 2–2. Dave J Ledger 206A 2 44+44. Gautam R Jain 173Abye=Half Point Bye 2 13–13. Anantha P Anilkumar (jnr) 175A2.5Tie-break: SPS:9 SOS:11 SNB:3.5139032G
26.90 🗙 Male 🅜 HUN🇭🇺 Mate Manfay   2 50=50. Jonathan PJ White 1 13+13. Anantha P Anilkumar (jnr) 175A 2 18=18. Tarun Malhotra 192D 1 16–16. Nils Vonhoff 1 20=20. Andrew SG Marley 150C2.5Tie-break: SPS:8.5 SOS:14 SNB:7.25303774F
27.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Girinath Haridas 184A bye=Half Point Bye 1 23+23. Harry Grieve 184A 2 9–9. Paul E Roberts 203C 1 34+34. Daniel GH Gallagher 178A 2 10–10. Lennart Ootes 2.5Tie-break: SPS:8.5 SOS:12.5 SNB:5.5277139B
28.90 🗙 NOR🇳🇴 Aleks Semakoff   2 41=41. Ramil Gonzaga 152D 1 38+38. Matthew Parry 158Cbye=Half Point Bye 2 17–17. Robin W Haldane 190A 1 37=37. Benjamin Ripert 2.5Tie-break: SPS:8.5 SOS:10 SNB:4.75303932J
29.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Colum Jezierski 185A 2 8–8. Jan Lundin 1 47+47. Haotian Wu 164A 2 56+56. Nikhil Chidipothu 113A 1 21=21. Evzen Pospisil 1 11–11. Toni Johansson 190A2.5Tie-break: SPS:8 SOS:13 SNB:4.5184473J
30.90 🗙 Female 🅕 FRA🇫🇷 Alice Tissot   2 9–9. Paul E Roberts 203C 1 54+54. Marek Otruba 1 22=22. Renzo Ramondino 2 31+31. Hendrik Brackmann 181B 1 12–12. Akito Oyama 204A2.5Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:14 SNB:5.5286881H
31.5 🅖 Male 🅜 GER🇩🇪 Hendrik Brackmann 181B 2 54+54. Marek Otruba 1 8–8. Jan Lundin 2 36=36. Simon Wilks 177A 1 30–30. Alice Tissot 2 53+53. Patrik Chajda 2.5Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:11.5 SNB:4.25293619H
32.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 James E Moreby 178A 2 60=60. Adam Robinson 139C 1 48+48. Neil S Homer 149A 1 6–6. Michael J Basman 210C 2 12–12. Akito Oyama 204A 1 50+50. Jonathan PJ White 2.5Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:11.5 SNB:2.25283609K
33.5 🅖 Female 🅕 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Natasha K Regan 169B bye=Half Point Bye 1 52+52. Fabrizio De Paolis 2 3–3. Adam C Taylor 214A 1 13–13. Anantha P Anilkumar (jnr) 175A 2 51+51. Alexander Freeland 171B2.5Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:10.5 SNB:3117791G
34.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Daniel GH Gallagher 178A bye=Half Point Bye 1 61+61. Pramoth Ragavan 131A 1 5–5. George E O'Toole 205C 2 27–27. Girinath Haridas 184A 1 52+52. Fabrizio De Paolis 2.5Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:8.5 SNB:1.5279873G
35.90 🗙 Male 🅜 GER🇩🇪 Martin Mueller 160E 1 37+37. Benjamin Ripert 2 17–17. Robin W Haldane 190A 1 39–39. Cosima C Keen 160C 2 47=47. Haotian Wu 164A 1 41+41. Ramil Gonzaga 152D2.5Tie-break: SPS:7 SOS:11.5 SNB:5.5299781C
36.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Simon Wilks 177A 2 14–14. Daniel EM Malkiel 1 55+55. Anurag Singh Chauhan 134D 1 31=31. Hendrik Brackmann 181B 2 23–23. Harry Grieve 184A 1 49+49. Chris Doran 179A2.5Tie-break: SPS:6.5 SOS:11.5 SNB:4.25263862K
37.90 🗙 FRA🇫🇷 Benjamin Ripert   2 35–35. Martin Mueller 160E 1 58+58. Michael P Woolley 1 40–40. Vladimir Parols 176Cbye+Full Point Bye 2 28=28. Aleks Semakoff 2.5Tie-break: SPS:6.5 SOS:8 SNB:2.25303935D
38.90 🗙 Male 🅜 WLS🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Matthew Parry 158C bye=Half Point Bye 2 28–28. Aleks Semakoff 1 12–12. Akito Oyama 204A 2 60+60. Adam Robinson 139C 1 57+57. Gorak Rajesh 158B2.5Tie-break: SPS:5.5 SOS:7.5 SNB:1.5265610D
39.90 🗙 Female 🅕 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Cosima C Keen 160C 1 22+22. Renzo Ramondino 1 7–7. Michael W Healey 198A 2 35+35. Martin Mueller 160E 2 15–15. Carsten Pedersen 199A 1 19–19. Richard J Cannon 176C2Tie-break: SPS:8 SOS:15 SNB:5.5262213A
40.90 🗙 Male 🅜 LAT🇱🇻 Vladimir Parols 176C 1 62+62. Robert A Akeya-Price 129A 1 14–14. Daniel EM Malkiel 2 37+37. Benjamin Ripert 2 6–6. Michael J Basman 210C 1 24–24. Jaroslav Sysel 2Tie-break: SPS:8 SOS:13 SNB:3284466H
41.90 🗙 Male 🅜 PHI🇵🇭 Ramil Gonzaga 152D 1 28=28. Aleks Semakoff bye=Half Point Bye 2 42+42. Giampiero Amato 170A 1 18–18. Tarun Malhotra 192D 2 35–35. Martin Mueller 160E2Tie-break: SPS:7.5 SOS:10 SNB:3.25290924J
42.3 🅑 Male 🅜 ITA🇮🇹 Giampiero Amato 170A 1 4=4. Richard York-Weaving 226C 2 6=6. Michael J Basman 210C 1 41–41. Ramil Gonzaga 152D 2 53=53. Patrik Chajda 1 47=47. Haotian Wu 164A2Tie-break: SPS:6 SOS:13.5 SNB:5.75253252K
43.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Alan Hayward 178A 2 1–1. Georgios Mastrokoukos bye=Half Point Bye 1 52+52. Fabrizio De Paolis 2 22=22. Renzo Ramondino 1 23–23. Harry Grieve 184A2Tie-break: SPS:6 SOS:12.5 SNB:3270877C
44.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Gautam R Jain 173A 1 10–10. Lennart Ootes 2 62+62. Robert A Akeya-Price 129A 1 25–25. Matthew Peat 178C 2 58+58. Michael P Woolley 1 22–22. Renzo Ramondino 2Tie-break: SPS:6 SOS:10.5 SNB:1.5276071L
45.5 🅖 Male 🅜 FRA🇫🇷 Vincent Sagues 171A 2 2–2. Dave J Ledger 206A 1 53=53. Patrik Chajda 2 23=23. Harry Grieve 184A 1 56+56. Nikhil Chidipothu 113A 2 21–21. Evzen Pospisil 2Tie-break: SPS:5.5 SOS:12.5 SNB:3.25271868G
46.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Edward Mospan 105B 2 16–16. Nils Vonhoff bye+Full Point Bye 1 19–19. Richard J Cannon 176C 2 24–24. Jaroslav Sysel 1 60+60. Adam Robinson 139C2Tie-break: SPS:5 SOS:9.5 SNB:0.5256299G
47.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Haotian Wu 164A 2 7–7. Michael W Healey 198A 2 29–29. Colum Jezierski 185A 1 62+62. Robert A Akeya-Price 129A 1 35=35. Martin Mueller 160E 2 42=42. Giampiero Amato 170A2Tie-break: SPS:4.5 SOS:11 SNB:2.75279724A
48.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Neil S Homer 149A bye=Half Point Bye 2 32–32. James E Moreby 178A 1 50–50. Jonathan PJ White 2 57=57. Gorak Rajesh 158B 1 58+58. Michael P Woolley 2Tie-break: SPS:4.5 SOS:6 SNB:1.5275941L
49.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Chris Doran 179A bye+Full Point Bye 1 9=9. Paul E Roberts 203C 1 59–59. Filippos Stamos 234E 2 20–20. Andrew SG Marley 150C 2 36–36. Simon Wilks 177A1.5Tie-break: SPS:7 SOS:10 SNB:1.75155319H
50.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Jonathan PJ White   1 26=26. Mate Manfay 2 5–5. George E O'Toole 205C 2 48+48. Neil S Homer 149A 1 11–11. Toni Johansson 190A 2 32–32. James E Moreby 178A1.5Tie-break: SPS:5.5 SOS:14.5 SNB:3.25155010L
51.90 🗙 Male 🅜 WLS🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Alexander Freeland 171B bye=Half Point Bye 2 4–4. Richard York-Weaving 226C 1 60+60. Adam Robinson 139C 2 10–10. Lennart Ootes 1 33–33. Natasha K Regan 169B1.5Tie-break: SPS:5.5 SOS:10.5 SNB:0.5267691G
52.90 🗙 ITA🇮🇹 Fabrizio De Paolis   1 21=21. Evzen Pospisil 2 33–33. Natasha K Regan 169B 2 43–43. Alan Hayward 178A 1 54+54. Marek Otruba 2 34–34. Daniel GH Gallagher 178A1.5Tie-break: SPS:4.5 SOS:11.5 SNB:3303933L
53.90 🗙 CZE🇨🇿 Patrik Chajda   2 11–11. Toni Johansson 190A 2 45=45. Vincent Sagues 171Abye=Half Point Bye 1 42=42. Giampiero Amato 170A 1 31–31. Hendrik Brackmann 181B1.5Tie-break: SPS:4.5 SOS:10 SNB:2303936F
54.90 🗙 CZE🇨🇿 Marek Otruba   1 31–31. Hendrik Brackmann 181B 2 30–30. Alice Tissot bye=Half Point Bye 2 52–52. Fabrizio De Paolis 1 62+62. Robert A Akeya-Price 129A1.5Tie-break: SPS:2.5 SOS:7 SNB:0.5303937H
55.90 🗙 Male 🅜 GER🇩🇪 Anurag Singh Chauhan 134D 2 25–25. Matthew Peat 178C 2 36–36. Simon Wilks 177A 1 24–24. Jaroslav Sysel 2 62=62. Robert A Akeya-Price 129Abye+Full Point Bye1.5Tie-break: SPS:2 SOS:8.5 SNB:0.25299649C
56.90 🗙 Male 🅜 IND🇮🇳 Nikhil Chidipothu 113A 1 19–19. Richard J Cannon 176C 2 24+24. Jaroslav Sysel 1 29–29. Colum Jezierski 185A 2 45–45. Vincent Sagues 171A1Tie-break: SPS:4 SOS:10.5 SNB:3287508B
57.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Gorak Rajesh 158B bye=Half Point Bye 1 18–18. Tarun Malhotra 192D 2 13–13. Anantha P Anilkumar (jnr) 175A 1 48=48. Neil S Homer 149A 2 38–38. Matthew Parry 158C1Tie-break: SPS:3.5 SOS:11 SNB:1268635B
58.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Michael P Woolley   1 17–17. Robin W Haldane 190A 2 37–37. Benjamin Ripert bye+Full Point Bye 1 44–44. Gautam R Jain 173A 2 48–48. Neil S Homer 149A1Tie-break: SPS:3 SOS:9.5 SNB:0132920A
59.90 🗙 GRE🇬🇷 Filippos Stamos 234E 2 49+49. Chris Doran 179A1Tie-break: SPS:3 SOS:1.5 SNB:1.5299807F
60.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Adam Robinson 139C 1 32=32. James E Moreby 178A 2 22–22. Renzo Ramondino 2 51–51. Alexander Freeland 171B 1 38–38. Matthew Parry 158C 2 46–46. Edward Mospan 105B0.5Tie-break: SPS:2.5 SOS:11.5 SNB:1.25267824L
61.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Pramoth Ragavan 131A bye=Half Point Bye 2 34–34. Daniel GH Gallagher 178A0.5Tie-break: SPS:2.5 SOS:2.5 SNB:0290748D
62.5 🅖 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Robert A Akeya-Price 129A 2 40–40. Vladimir Parols 176C 1 44–44. Gautam R Jain 173A 2 47–47. Haotian Wu 164A 1 55=55. Anurag Singh Chauhan 134D 2 54–54. Marek Otruba 0.5Tie-break: SPS:1 SOS:9 SNB:0.75287093K
63.90 🗙 Male 🅜 ENG🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Partha Mulay 148A 0Tie-break: SPS:0 SOS:0 SNB:0287029A
Players are shown ranked as follows. This event may have used other tie-break procedures.
1. Points scored (Total)
2. Sum of Progressive Score (sps).
3. Sum of Opponents' Scores (sos).
4. Sonneborn-Berger (snb).